The paper presents the issue of nitrogen fertiliser management, taking into account regional differences, in the medium-term perspective covering the years 2004–2015 (2017). The basis for the comparative analysis, conducted at the voivodship level (NUTS-2), were data on mass statistics. The analyses show that carrying out responsible nitrogen fertilization (in terms of production efficiency and potential environmental impact) requires maintaining a balance between nitrogen output and input in the agricultural production system. An unfavourable phenomenon observed in the fertiliser management in Poland during the years of functioning within the European Community was an increased nitrogen consumption, within the range of 60–80 kg•ha-1 AL, in comparison to other fertiliser macroelements. On the other hand, animal production in terms of natural fertilizers was a source of approx. 35–40 kg N gross per UA area unit. The total fertiliser use was on average 2.9 kg N per cereal unit of the total yield, but it was strongly regionally diversified. Excessively high gross nitrogen balance and, at the same time, high fertiliser consumption in the voivodships: Wielkopolskie, Kujawsko-pomorskie and Łódzkie, indicate a strong environmental pressure in that area. The opposite situation, which takes place in Małopolskie and Podkarpackie, indicates the possibility of increased mineralization of organic matter and deterioration of soil fertility.